child abuse, substance use disorder, and domestic violence) could become the norm. Such intergenerational trauma, along with the continued oppression and suffering imposed on Native Americans by the United States government for more than half of those 200 years, perpetuated a cycle where adverse childhood experiences and resulting unhealthy and sometimes violent adult behaviors (e.g. We know from research that the ACEs Native American children experienced when they were torn away from their parents and forced to live in boarding schools would have put them at great risk of growing up to be less nurturing adults with harsher parenting attitudes let alone stripped of their culture and language. The impacts of the Indian Civilization Act of 1819 and boarding schools have been felt for decades since by thousands of Native American families. A little more than two hundred years later we now recognize that the enactment of this legislation in 1819 led to the rules, policies, and practices that systematically exposed Native American children and students to myriad adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) that have continued to affect generation after generation. The Indian Civilization Act of 1819 was enacted for the purpose of providing against the further decline and final extinction of the Indian tribes and resulted in the establishment of residential Indian boarding schools across the United States that brought mental and emotional suffering, physical illness, immediate decline of indigenous culture and languages, crimes against young children, and early death to many Native American children due to abuse. The cautionary tale of the Indian Civilization Act of 1819 is that, without a vigilant citizenry, the good intentions in any legislation can quickly descend and slide down a very slippery slope of rules, policies, and practices that do more harm than good. Public Assistance Reporting Information System (PARIS).Office on Trafficking in Persons (OTIP).Office of Planning, Research & Evaluation (OPRE).Office of Legislative Affairs and Budget (OLAB).Office of Human Services Emergency Preparedness and Response (OHSEPR).Office of Family Violence Prevention and Services (OFVPS).Office of Child Support Services (OCSS).Family and Youth Services Bureau (FYSB).Administration on Children, Youth, and Families (ACYF).Administration for Native Americans (ANA).
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